Telecommunications

"A Luxembourg-based mobile phone company that operates in Pakistan and Iran as well as South America, Africa and the Asia Pacific region yesterday put itself up for sale with a price tag estimated at $4bn (£2.3bn) after receiving a number of approaches. Both Vodafone and T-Mobile are understood to have ruled themselves out of the bidding process for Millicom International Cellular, which had sales of $921m in 2004." (The Guardian, "International mobile phone firm goes on sale," 1/20/06)

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Listed by U.S. Government as doing business in Iran. (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, List of Companies Doing Business With State Sponsors Of Terror, Removed from the internet in July of 2007)

Russias third-largest mobile phone operator, MegaFon, is prepared to invest around three billion euros ($4.64bn) to build a GSM network in Iran, the company said. MegaFon hopes to win a tender for the third GSM licence in Iran, the firm quoted its general director Sergei Soldatenkov as saying at the opening of a representative office in Tehran. There are currently two mobile service providers in Iran - state-controlled Iran Telecommunication Company (ITC) and MTN Group, sub-Saharan Africas biggest cellphone operator. (Gulf Daily News, MegaFon to invest $4.6bn in Iran, June 11, 2008)

"The company has been identified as potentially providing telecommunications services in Iran. Summary of Status Change from 2019 report - CalPERS has commenced the review process to determine whether the company meets the threshold criteria for consideration under the Act."

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Ericsson appears as a customer on the website of the Iranian telecommunications firm Paya Communications Industries. 

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According to its Annual Report filed with the SEC for fiscal year 2019: "Due to its operations in Iran, and having staff permanently in the country, Ericsson has contacts with its local customers and retains certain local suppliers, including banks, and service providers. In addition, Ericsson has other dealings incidental to its local activities, such as making payments for taxes, salaries, rents, utilities and office and similar supplies as well for local accommodation and transportation and customs related services. As a result, Ericsson has contact with companies and public functions that may be owned or controlled by the government of Iran. While Ericsson seeks to obtain information regarding the actual business names and ownership of customers and other counterparties in Iran through its policies and procedures designed to ensure that Ericsson “knows its customers”, it is challenging to determine ownership and control with certainty, particularly with respect to determining whether an entity engaged in commercial activities is owned or controlled by the government.

During 2019, Ericsson sold communications infrastructure related products and services in Iran to the following telecommunications companies operating in the country: Mobile Communication Company of Iran (“MCCI”), and MTN Irancell. During 2019, Ericsson’s gross revenue (reported as net sales) related to sales to MCCI and MTN Irancell in Iran was approximately SEK 908 million.

In some instances, Ericsson has had to arrange performance bonds or similar financial guarantees to secure Ericsson’s performance of obligations under the commercial agreements Ericsson has entered into relating to the business in Iran. In such instances, Ericsson usually engages its banks outside Iran, who in turn engage local banks in the country. These local banks include Tejarat Bank, Melli Bank, Parsian Bank and Saderat Bank. Although some bonds and guarantees are still in place, no new performance bonds or similar guarantees involving these four banks with respect to Ericsson’s business activities in Iran were issued during 2019.

During 2019, existing bank guarantees issued by Maskan Bank, Parsian Bank, Post Bank of Iran and Tejarat Bank (local banks in Iran) to secure Iranian customer payment obligations to Ericsson were renewed. Further, some payments made to Ericsson’s local subsidiary and payments required to be made by the local subsidiary to suppliers involve banks that may be controlled by the government of Iran."

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According to its Annual report filed with the SEC for fiscal year 2018:"Ericsson has conducted business in Iran/Persia since the late nineteenth century, opened an office in Iran in 1973 and later established a local subsidiary in the country. Ericsson strongly believes in enabling communication for all and believes that access to communications can enable the right to health, education and freedom of expression. Ericsson’s business activities in Iran principally involve the sale of communications infrastructure related products and services, including support, installation and maintenance services. Ericsson’s exports from the European Union (the “EU”) to Iran are performed under export licenses from the Swedish Agency for Non-Proliferation and Export Controls and in compliance with applicable economic sanctions and export controls. Ericsson has conducted business in Iran/Persia since the late nineteenth century, opened an office in Iran in 1973 and later established a local subsidiary in the country. Ericsson strongly believes in enabling communication for all and believes that access to communications can enable the right to health, education and freedom of expression. Ericsson’s business activities in Iran principally involve the sale of communications infrastructure related products and services, including support, installation and maintenance services. Ericsson’s exports from the European Union (the “EU”) to Iran are performed under export licenses from the Swedish Agency for Non-Proliferation and Export Controls and in compliance with applicable economic sanctions and export controls.During 2018, Ericsson sold communications infrastructure related products and services in Iran to the following telecommunications companies operating in the country: Farabord Dadehavare Iranian (“Farabord”) (relating to purchase orders received before May 2018), Mobile Communication Company of Iran (“MCCI”), and MTN Irancell. During 2018, Ericsson’s gross revenue (reported as net sales) related to sales to Farabord, MCCI and MTNIrancell in Iran was approximately SEK 990 million. Since the US withdrawal from the JCPOA, Ericsson is winding down its business and organization significantly but still continues to provide the two main mobile carriers, MCCI and MTN Irancell with support critical for the network to function and to fulfill engagements with these carriers entered into before May 8, 2018." (SEC Disclosure,  3/29/2019)

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Since the United States has withdrawn from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (“JCPOA”), it is generally more difficult to do business in Iran. Ericsson is exploring, including with EU and US authorities, whether and how the disruptive impact on our ability to maintain and support existing networks of our customers can be minimized. (Ericsson Annual Report 2018).

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Ericsson's business in Iran is detailed in its 2017 Annual Report filed with the SEC. 

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"Iran’s second largest mobile operator, MTN Irancell, and Sweden’s Ericsson jointly conducted a test of 5G connection in Tehran over the weekend." (9/23/2017)

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Ericsson's business in Iran is detailed in its 2016 Annual report filed with the SEC. 

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Listed as an approved vendor in Iran by NPC, POGC, NIGCENG, NISOC and NIGC.

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Ericssons business in Iran is detailed in its 2015 Annual Report filed with the SEC. 

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"Sweden’s biggest companies and banks, including telecommunications firm Ericsson AB and truck and bus producer Scania AB, want to invest in Iran if economic sanctions are lifted following its nuclear agreement with world powers.Ericsson spokeswoman Karin Hallstan said in an e-mail that the company has had customers in Iran “for over 100 years” and plans to “explore opportunities” with new ones as it monitors developments following the nuclear deal." (Bloomberg, "Ericsson, Scania Head Sweden's Interest in Post-Sanctions Iran," 10/21/2015).

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Ericsson explains its business in Iran in its 2013 Annual Report filed with the SEC.

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The Ericsson website lists an office in Tehran. (Company website)

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“Ericsson has published its 21(st) Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility report summarizing its performance during 2013…In light of recent international developments related to Iran, Ericsson has decided not to phase out equipment deliveries. The intention is to engage with customers. At the same time the Sales Compliance Board decided to conduct a new Human Rights Impact Assessment based on this foundation.” (Wall Street Journal, “Ericsson Emphasizes Responsible business, energy and Technology for Good in 2013,” 4/11/14)

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"Susan Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, has been under fire recently for, among other things, her investments in energy companies doing business in Iran, per a Washington Post story last week (http://bit.ly/121UkWg). But Rice also has had a stake in Ericsson, the Swedish mobile network equipment maker that has itself been in the spotlight for its growing business dealings in Iran. According to a Reuters report, Ericsson has been helping Iranian mobile telecom operators as part of long-term contracts, including one that involves an expansion project for Mobile Communications Inc. of Iran, the country’s largest mobile network provider (http://reut.rs/WhGryD). Iranian human rights groups say the Iranian mobile phone network is used to track and monitor dissidents and United Against Nuclear Iran has called for Ericsson to end its business relations with MTN Irancell, the country’s second-largest mobile network firm." (Politico, "Rice Investments In Businesses Working With Iran," 12/7/12)

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"The Swedish firm Ericsson is working with Iran's largest mobile telecom operator to expand its network and has promised to support another Iranian mobile carrier until 2021, according to interviews and an internal company document. The involvement of Ericsson, the world's largest mobile network equipment maker, comes at a time when many Western companies have stopped doing business in Iran because of international sanctions or concerns about damage to their reputations. While Ericsson argues in the internal document that telecommunications are a "basic humanitarian service," Iranian human rights groups say Iran's regime has used the country's mobile-phone networks to track and monitor dissidents. Though standard telecommunications equipment does not fall under sanctions, four major equipment makers, including Ericsson, have all said they plan to reduce their Iranian business... Fredrik Hallstan, a spokesman for Ericsson, confirmed the company is currently working on a new expansion project for Mobile Communication Co of Iran (MCCI), but said the venture, which the carrier calls Phase V, is covered under a contract Ericsson signed in 2008... He declined to discuss the nature of the work Ericsson is undertaking, its value or how the company will be paid... Hallstan said Ericsson's promise to continue supporting a second Iranian mobile operator, MTN Irancell, for many years falls under a 2006 contract. MTN Irancell is Iran's second largest mobile carrier. The sensitivity of Ericsson's work in Iran is made clear in a letter written by an executive of the company. On January 19, an Ericsson vice president wrote to MTN Group, a South African company that holds a 49 percent stake in MTN Irancell. In a letter marked confidential, the executive stated that Ericsson undertakes 'to not take actions that could unnecessarily bring any extra press scrutiny and that could potentially destabilize the working arrangements in Iran,' according to a copy reviewed by Reuters. The letter confirmed that Ericsson intends to 'continue supporting the MTN Irancell operation and future network expansions ... based on Ericsson's existing supply contracts ... as long as it is feasibly possible to do business in Iran.'... And it stated Ericsson would continue working with 'relevant international organizations to argue that telephony is a basic humanitarian service.' The letter concluded: 'Ericsson is looking forward to supporting MTN and strengthening our relationship by working closely together to resolve any practical obstacles and challenges facing the MTN Irancell business.' The executive, who at the time of the letter was in charge of Ericsson's business with MTN, did not respond to a request for comment. MTN declined to comment. Hallstan said the letter 'is correct' in that Ericsson will continue to support MTN Irancell under an agreement it signed in 2006 when the mobile operator launched." (Reuters, "Ericsson helps Iran telecoms, letter reveals long-term deal," 11/20/2011)

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Ericsson details its business in Iran in its 2012 Annual Report filed with the SEC. 

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"The Swedish government is trying to prevent the European Union from imposing further sanctions on Iran for fear of losing a lucrative deal for Swedish communications company Ericsson, according to a Foreign Ministry official in Jerusalem... 'We know that in Sweden they fear that if the deal between Ericsson and Iran is canceled this could have implications for the company's other deals,' the Foreign Ministry official said. 'The Swedes fear that other countries with problematic human rights records such as China will hear about the cancellation and worry about their ties with Ericsson.'" (Haaretz, "Fearing loss of lucrative deal, Sweden opposes new Iran sanctions," 10/14/2012)

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"Stockholm-based Ericsson AB, Creativity Software Ltd. of the U.K. and Dublin-based AdaptiveMobile Security Ltd. marketed or provided gear over the past two years that Iran's law enforcement or state security agencies would have access to, according to more than 100 documents and interviews with more than two dozen technicians and managers who worked on the systems... Ericsson and Creativity Software offered technology expressly for law enforcement use -- including a location- monitoring product proposed by Ericsson in early 2009 and one sold this year by Creativity, according to the interviews... Ericsson, the world’s largest maker of wireless networks, confirmed that in the fourth quarter of 2009 it sold a mobile- positioning center for customer billing purposes to MTN Irancell Telecommunications Services Co., Iran’s second-largest mobile provider... When Iranian security officers needed to locate a target one night in late 2009, one former Ericsson employee says he got an emergency call to come into the office to fix a glitch in an Ericsson positioning center... Ericsson says it will continue to maintain the system, but that it decided in October 2010 it would no longer sell any products into Iran due to recent efforts to tighten sanctions... AdaptiveMobile, backed by the investment arm of Intel Corp. (INTC), proposed a system in partnership with Ericsson for Iran’s largest mobile provider in 2010 that would filter, block and store cell phone text messages, according to two people familiar with the discussions. An Ericsson spokesman confirmed the proposal... Ericsson, which bid on the system, was told by MCI, the country’s largest wireless operator, to partner with AdaptiveMobile for monitoring and filtering technology, according to Ericsson spokesman Fredrik Hallstan. Ericsson didn’t win the contract, he says... Ericsson, the telecommunications giant with $28 billion in sales last year, in 2008 supplied Irancell with its Mobile Positioning System 9.0 for locating subscribers -- a test system that Ericsson says Irancell didn’t buy and could use only on a limited scale... Ericsson later sold Irancell the positioning-data component of the test system, says Richard Carter, Ericsson’s Istanbul- based head of commercial, sourcing and partnering in the Middle East and the country manager for Iran. It was sold in late 2009, the company confirmed. Known as a Serving Mobile Positioning Centre, the box calculates a person’s position and logs the data... The former Ericsson employee urgently called in to fix the system in late 2009 says he was told that Iranian intelligence officers were attempting to pinpoint the location of someone in the Zahedan area of southeast Iran... A former Irancell manager said that all such systems supplied to the mobile operator, including technology from Ericsson, were accessible by law enforcement agencies... The former Ericsson employee urgently called in to fix the system in late 2009 says he was told that Iranian intelligence officers were attempting to pinpoint the location of someone in the Zahedan area of southeast Iran... Before the election, on January 24, 2009, Ericsson officials pitched a tracking system specifically for Iran’s security agencies to MCI, according to a seven-page agenda and another document describing the Tehran meeting... Law enforcement agents would be able to track subscribers with 'easy and friendly' identification of geographic positions on a map, according to Ericsson’s 51-page proposal to MCI, which serves 44 million subscribers... The system Ericsson proposed offered capabilities for law enforcement referred to as “PoLIS” that would allow the interception of all phone calls occurring in a specific area, among other features, according to a copy of the proposal... Ericsson would have partnered with an Estonian software firm, Reach-U, whose tracking software 'is designed for state security agencies,' according to one of the documents in the proposal... Ericsson’s Carter says the discussions with MCI were preliminary and came to a halt as turmoil swept the country in 2009. He couldn’t find any reference to PoLIS features, he says... Everything supplied by Ericsson to Iran complied with international trade embargoes, Carter says, adding that their products have been a positive force in the Middle East by promoting communications and commerce. 'Ultimately, telecom is a force for good in society,' he says... Siavash Fahimi, an Ericsson employee, saw up close how these systems can be abused. The 27-year-old Iranian worked for Ericsson in Tehran until 2010, installing several different systems. Police arrested him on the outskirts of a rally that December, beating him with fists and a baton and jailing him for 52 days. Security agents interrogated him 14 times, presenting transcripts of text messages plus an elaborate diagram showing all the people he’d called -- and then everyone they’d called... Fahimi, who fled to Turkey after receiving a two-year prison sentence for his role in the protests, can’t be sure that Ericsson technology aided his interrogators, but he is familiar with the capabilities of these types of systems... As recently as 2010, AdaptiveMobile attempted to sell a similar product to MCI, the one on which it partnered with Ericsson... According to data compiled by Bloomberg, Ericsson signed at least 27 contracts worth $5.25 million with the U.S. government from the start of 2009 to the end of 2010. The data showed no U.S. government business with AdaptiveMobile or Creativity Software." (Bloomberg, "Iranian Police Seizing Dissidents Get Aid Of Western Companies" 10/30/2011)

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"Prior to Iran's political unrest in 2009, Huawei was already a major supplier to Iran's mobile-phone networks, along with Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks, a joint venture between Nokia Corp. and Siemens AG, according to MTN Irancell documents... A spokesman for Ericsson said it delivered 'standard' equipment to Iranian telecom companies until 2008, which included built-in lawful-interception capabilities. 'Products can be used in a way that was not the intention of the manufacturer,' the spokesman said. He said Ericsson began decreasing its business in Iran as a result of the 2009 political upheaval and now doesn't seek any new contracts." (The Wall Street Journal. “Chinese Tech Giant Aids Iran,” 10/27/11)

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"Nobel Peace laureate Shirin Ebadi on Monday accused Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson of aiding monitoring in Iran, and encouraged members of the Iranian diaspora in Sweden to protest to the company.

"I am urging you Iranians in Sweden to please email Ericsson and object and say, 'Why are you selling the Iranian government software with which it can control its people'," the lawyer and human rights activists said.

Ebadi, who was speaking at Stockholm University, said Ericsson had entered dealings with the Iranian government similar to those Nokia Siemens previously had, alleging the company sold Iran software that allowed it to monitor text messages and mobile phone calls." (AFP, "Nobel laureate accuses Ericsson of aiding monitoring in Iran," 11/22/10)

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"Ericsson's Web site lists an office in Tehran. Among other things, it has sold communications equipment to the Department of Defense." From 2000-2009 the company has been the recipient of $119 million US federal funds.  Their activity in Iran is currently active. (The New York Times, "Profiting from Iran, and the US," 3/6/2010)

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"Saber Feyzi, managing director of TCI said sanctions havent stopped IT providers from selling to Iran as contracts for equipment such as switches and transmission and radio systems show. Companies including Siemens, Nokia , Eriksson, Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco Systems, Telaps, NEC, ZTE, Huawei Technologies Co and Wuhan Research Institute have all supplied the Islamic republic. Iranian officials have dismissed US sanctions as inefficient, saying that they are finding Asian partners instead. Several Asian firms are negotiating or signing up to deals with Iran." (Gulf Times, "IRAN TELECOM CO TO OFFER 50% STAKE BY MARCH," 1/14/09)

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"While U.S. companies have long been barred from operating in Iran, more than 200 multinationals have investments there, from British-Dutch oil giant Royal Dutch Shell PLC and French telecommunications-equipment company Alcatel SA to Swedens electronics company Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson." (The Wall Street Journal, "Should states sell stocks to protest links to Iran," 6/14/07)

"Emirates Telecommunications Corp ETEL.AD (Etisalat) said on Tuesday a consortium it is part of would pay 300 million euros ($402.1 million) to acquire a mobile phone licence in Iran and was in talks to buy an operator in Iraq. The group would invest at least $1 billion into building infrastructure in Iran and was looking to begin operations within nine months, possibly earlier, said Jamal al-Jarwan, chief executive of Etisalat International Investments." (Reuters, "Emirates Telecom to pay $402 mln for Iran licence," 1/13/09)

As of April 2022, Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund lists Alcatel-Lucent on its Iran scrutinized companies list.

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As of June 1, 2020, Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund lists Alcatel-Lucent on its Iran Scrutinized companies list. 

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In 2018 and 2019, the U.S. state of Ohio,  listed Alcatel-Lucent on its state lists of Companies Doing Business with the Iranian Petroleum/Natural Gas, Nuclear and Military Sectors, rendering Alcatel-Lucent ineligible for investment and/or state contracting.

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“Iran [welcomes] the most senior French trade delegation in years on Monday, telling more than 100 executives that the farsighted among them stood to win the race for business following an easing of some economic sanctions…’A new chapter has begun in relations between Iran and Europe,’ Mohammad Nahavandian, President Hassan Rouhani's chief of staff, was quoted as saying by the official IRNA news agency. ‘You should carry the message back that potential for cooperation with Iran is real and not to be overlooked,’ he told the delegation. ‘Those with longer foresight stand to win this race.’ The delegation of more than 100 executives from Medef, the French employers' association, on a Feb 2-5 trip, met Nahavandian and members of Iran's Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, IRNA said. A source close to the delegation told Reuters it was the most senior group of entrepreneurs and financiers to visit Iran since the 1979 revolution, representing the defence, aviation, petrochemicals, automotive, shipping and cosmetics sectors. Among companies represented were Safran, Airbus, Total, GDF-Suez, Renault, Alcatel, Alstom, Amundi and L'Oréal, the source said. ‘Many of these firms have worked in Iran before and their goal now is to restore links,’ the source said. ‘The very makeup of the delegation shows these people are here to evaluate potential for cooperation.’ A French embassy source in Tehran said the visit was merely exploratory and ‘nothing is to be signed this time around.’” (Reuters, “Iran welcomes French business chiefs after sanctions eased,” 2/3/14)

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In its annual 20-F form to the U.S. Security Exchange Commission, Alcatel writes, “Under Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, which added Section 13 (r) to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), we are required to disclose whether Alcatel Lucent or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or certain designated individuals or entities. Disclosure is required even when the activities were conducted outside the United States by non-U.S. entities and even when such activities were conducted in compliance with applicable law.

The following information is disclosed pursuant to Section 13(r). None of these activities involved U.S. affiliates of Alcatel Lucent.

 (1) Alcatel Lucent and our subsidiary, Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks (“ASN”), each have separate arrangements pursuant to which they have provided hardware repair, maintenance and/or testing services directly and indirectly to or for the benefit of Telecom Infrastructure Company (“TIC”). These services were provided in support of telecommunications network equipment that was sold previously to customers in Iran for end-use by TIC. TIC is a government-owned telecommunications infrastructure provider in Iran that serves as Iran’s intercity, interprovincial and international telecom network operator. During 2012, Alcatel Lucent’s gross revenues received from these activities involving TIC were approximately €454,000 and net profits were approximately €14,000. ASN’s contract involving TIC has been completed and ASN does not intend to extend or renew that business. We intend to fulfill our remaining contractual service obligations related to the TIC network equipment, subject to compliance with applicable laws.

(2) ASN also holds a contract for the supply of hardware repair and related services in support of the South East Asia Middle East Western Europe 3 (“SMW3”) submarine cable network, which is owned and operated by an international consortium of telecommunications companies. Although none of the SMW3 network equipment supported under the ASN contract is located in Iran, the Telecommunication Company of Iran (“TCI”) is a member of the consortium. ASN understands that TCI has ties to the Government of Iran. During 2012, we did not recognize any revenues or net profits attributable to TCI in connection with this contract.

 (3) Alcatel Lucent has supplied telecommunications network equipment and related services to a private company in Iran call PATSA for end-use by the Shiraz Urban Rail Organization (“SURO”) in support of operations of the Shiraz city metro rail system. We understand that SURO is owned by the government of the city of Shiraz. During 2012, Alcatel Lucent did not recognize any revenues or net profits attributable to SURO in connection with this contract. We have not completed deliveries under our contract with PATSA due to issues related to non-U.S. sanctions against Iran and have therefore suspended activities under this contract.

 (4) Alcatel Lucent has supplied telecommunications network equipment and related services to an Iranian customer called Elmatco, a privately-held engineering and consulting firm, for end-use by a group of state-owned regional electricity companies, including Esfahan Regional Electric Company (“EREC”), Iran Power Distribution Company (“IPDC”) and Gharb Regional Electric Company (“GHREC”). During 2012, Alcatel Lucent’s gross revenues received in connection with this contract were approximately €57,000, resulting in net profits of €2,000. We intend to fulfill our remaining obligations under our existing contracts with Elmatco, subject to compliance with applicable laws, but we do not plan to renew or extend these contracts.

Two non-U.S. subsidiaries of Alcatel Lucent have branches in Iran. The branch offices maintain bank accounts at Bank Tejarat for purposes of carrying out financial transactions in connection with their general business activities.” (Alcatel-Lucent, “Form 20-F,” 3/12/13)

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"Alcatel-Lucent, which over the years has completed major telecommunications projects in Iran, still has a small amount of business in that country, company spokeswoman Mary Ward said. The company also has received contracts to deliver communications services to the Departments of Defense and Energy. The company's federal contract totals do not include Lucent's contracts prior to 2006, when it merged with Alcatel, because Lucent did not have business interests in Iran prior to that time." The company has received $927.2 million in revenue and benefits from the US government, for their investments in Iran.  Their activities in Iran are currently active. (The New York Times, "Profiting from Iran, and the US," 3/6/2010)

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"Saber Feyzi, managing director of TCI said sanctions havent stopped IT providers from selling to Iran as contracts for equipment such as switches and transmission and radio systems show. Companies including Siemens, Nokia , Eriksson, Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco Systems, Telaps, NEC, ZTE, Huawei Technologies Co and Wuhan Research Institute have all supplied the Islamic republic. Iranian officials have dismissed US sanctions as inefficient, saying that they are finding Asian partners instead. Several Asian firms are negotiating or signing up to deals with Iran." (Thai Press Reports, "IRAN TELECOM CO TO OFFER 50% STAKE BY MARCH," 1/14/09)

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"While U.S. companies have long been barred from operating in Iran, more than 200 multinationals have investments there, from British-Dutch oil giant Royal Dutch Shell PLC and French telecommunications-equipment company Alcatel SA to Swedens electronics company Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson." (The Wall Street Journal, "Should states sell stocks to protest links to Iran," 6/14/07)